The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster risk management plan Case Study

The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster hazard the executives plan - Case Study Example From the information gave, apparently a hazard the executives plan was in presence. A portion of the administration plans were applied while a portion of the plans were not appropriate because of certain reasons. One of the instances of a hazard the executives plan was to structure a space transport program that would use both the fluid and strong fuels. The fluid force framework is progressively dependable when contrasted with the strong charge framework. The progression of the fluid charge from the capacity tanks to the motor can be choked and closed down if there should arise an occurrence of crisis while a strong fuel can't work in a similar way. One of the downsides related with the fluid fuels was that they are relatively costly than the strong charges and henceforth it was unimaginable for NASA to employ a framework absolutely utilitarian on fluid force. A mix of the two was produced. In 1972, NASA picked Rocker for the structure of the orbiter. As per numerous industry heads, the Rocker bundle did exclude a break framework. A break framework is compelling and essential in the event of crises. NASA authorities disregarded the break framework and subsequently the Space Shuttle Program turned into the primary the first U.S. airplane which did exclude a getaway framework for the group. As indicated by Mr. Moore, (NASA's agent director for space flight), climate assumes a significant job. As indicated by him, the details on the breeze speed should be checked so as to abstain from surpassing of crosswinds. This is done with the goal that the officers can have an away from of the runway, etc. So as to keep away from any mishaps that might be identified with climate, crosswinds limits are kept up. These issues plainly upgrade the venture the executives factor. A portion of the hazard the executives plans were suggested though some of them couldn't be fortified. 2. Would there had been a superior method to deal with chance administration arranging at NASA expecting sixteen flights for every year, twenty live flights for each year or as initially arranged, sixty flights for each year Why is the quantity of flights every year basic in structuring a formalized hazard the executives plan The organizer that was initially arranged included sixteen flights for every year. With the expansion in flights, the desk work would in general increment. The necessity for paper work fruition was that it should be submitted roughly multi week before each flight. The expansion in paper work implied that the achievement of objectives was getting troublesome. With the expansion in administrative work, the definition of a hazard the executives plan was practically inconceivable on the grounds that half of the time was devoured in the desk work of the flights. The representatives of NASA were endeavoring to adapt up to the desk work which was expanding with the expansion in the quantity of flights. Increment in administrative work implied that the staff needed to stay at work longer than required which incorporated the ends of the week. As indicated by an official reminder that was sent from Scot Stein to Bob Lund the administrative work was making it hard for them to deal with the issues and planning a hazard the executives plan since a fraction of the time was taken up by the desk work. He said that it was important to make

Managing Culture and Change Complexity of Leadership

Question: Talk about the Managing Culture and Change for Complexity of Leadership. Answer: Presentation: The significance of progress the board at work environment can't be overemphasized. So as to make due in the market, and to hold its position, and recover the confidence and dedication of buyers, Volkswagen needed to embrace the viable change the executives technique. Be that as it may, simultaneously, so as to screen the changes, the reception of Mckinseys 7S Model was likewise exceptionally significant for the association. At the point when an immense association like Volkswagen expects to change a solitary part of the association, it is left with no alternative yet to change the other angle too (Rhodes 2016). The diesel emanation embarrassment experiences made a lot of difficulty for Volkswagen, as the association lost its generosity in the purchaser advertise. Thus, it turned out to be completely basic to change the ranking directors, as expelling them could just reestablish straightforwardness to the association. In any case, as indicated by Mckinseys 7S Model, a solitary change is constantly connected with various components that whenever neglected, may prompt total bedlam and hierarchical disappointment. Mckinseys 7S Model expresses that there are seven significant components that decide the accomplishment of an association, and an adjustment in one will resultantly impact the other component, if the equivalent isn't re-adjusted. Figure : Mckinseys 7S Model Source: (Alsheher 2013 ) The above variables structure a significant piece of an association, and there exists a connection of between reliance among every one of the components. Therefore, the adjustment in the senior staffs of the association must be trailed by the adjustment in the methodology, aptitudes, style, structure just as frameworks and shared estimations of Volkswagen (Roth and DiBella 2016). A gigantic emergency developed for Volkswagen, when charges of fakeness and infringement of natural principles were being brought against the administration authority of the association. Being blamed for having tricked the discharge tests, the German vehicle mammoth association began experiencing unexpected difficulties in leading business further, and thus the reception of the change the board methodology turned out to be completely basic (Rudzinski and Uerz 2014). Beginning with the CEO, the head of gathering administrations, the business head, and practically every representative holding high and administrative assignment in the association was changed. As and when the association found the wastefulness and expert ineptitude of the representatives, it quickly changed the staffs, as there were competency holes that were hurting the notoriety of the association (Jurevicius 2013). In any case, the adjustment in staff must be trailed by the adjustment in the other six factors too. With the adjustment in the staff, there was likewise an adjustment in the administration, and as such the whole structure of the association additionally experienced change (Kapferer 2012). The regulatory method of the association thusly changed. One of the significant outside variables that affected the change in hierarchical structure was the ongoing diesel outflow outrage. It ought to be recollected that separated from the lawful difficulties, and the loss of customer generosity, the association likewise experienced an immense misfortune as its piece of the pie additionally went down astoundingly (Elson et al. 2015). Consequently, the association needed to re-structure its business exercises. Volkswagen was fundamentally known for creating and selling traveler vehicles just as business vehicles, but then at present the association has concentrated more on the creation of eco-friend ly little vehicles and extravagance vehicles (Singh 2013). Once more, because of the embarrassment, the association had just brought about an immense cost, and as such it needed to adjust its technique to meet the objective and goals, just as to upgrade its income. The technique of the association so far was to improve its income with the assistance of the offer of an immense number of vehicles; be that as it may, the methodology has been as of late modified to consolidate the issue of manageability in it (Klein et al. 2015). Subsequently, the association at present isn't just centered around the creation of the vehicles, yet on the creation of fuel and vitality productive vehicles . Thus, according to the new technique of the association, Volkswagen will deliver a greater amount of electric vehicles. Matthias Muller, the flow Chief Executive Official of the association has clarified the new methodology which guarantees that the association will convey thirty new electric vehicles continuously of 2025 (Klein 2015). The abilities of the representatives likewise should be changed, and the worker aptitudes assume a significant job in the change the board of an association. When the administration of the association was changed, Volkswagen likewise expected to improve and build up the representative ability of the existent workers, so their aptitudes conform to the vision just as the system of the association. It was being seen that the senior administration of Volkswagen was commanded essentially by male German designers, and had the workforce been an increasingly different one, such good passes may have been maintained a strategic distance from. Consequently, the association made plans to enlist an increasingly assorted workforce, just as to upgrade the abilities of the representatives, so the corporate culture and administration can likewise be changed (Grant 2016). The managerial arrangement of the association was to such an extent that the previous director, Ferdinand Piech would take a choice by talking about an issue with the works committee in particular. Nonetheless, the association as of late has proposed an adjustment in the framework also, as the director starting now and into the foreseeable future, would be required to counsel the investor, whereby on the off chance that it is concurred, it would be presented to the work chamber (Musso and Cusano 2015). Thusly, the initiative style of the association was changed. The previous CEO, Winterkorn presented an authoritarian working society, making a feeling of dread, because of which the representatives couldn't ascend, and oppose an inappropriate issues (Fernando 2016). Be that as it may, an increasingly merciful yet adaptable authority style was presented with the arrangement of new pioneers, because of which concentrated more on capacity and understanding arrangements. At last, Volkswage n has likewise reconsidered and re-presented the common estimation of the association, as its new vision is Sustainable Mobility. The association is currently planned for accomplishing its ecological duty through the usage of maintainability programs, for example, Think Blue Nature. Accordingly, at present the association is working in consistence with the qualities and destinations, most definitely. Reference List: Alshaher, A.A.F., 2013. The mckinsey 7S model structure for e-learning framework preparation assessment.International Journal of Advances in Engineering Technology,6(5), p.1948. Elson, C.M., Ferrere, C.K. also, Goossen, N.J., 2015. The bug at Volkswagen: Lessons in co㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ determination, proprietorship, and board structure.Journal of Applied Corporate Finance,27(4), pp.36-43. Fernando, M., 2016. The Complexity of Leadership. InLeading Responsibly in the Asian Century(pp. 53-69). Springer International Publishing. Award, R.M., 2016.Contemporary technique examination: Text and cases release. John Wiley Sons. Jurevicius, O., 2013. McKinsey 7s Model.Strategic Management Insight. Kapferer, J.N., 2012.The new key brand the board: Advanced bits of knowledge and key reasoning. Kogan page distributers. Klein, J., 2015. Velveeta Volkswagen: maintainability is a moving target.Journal of Property Management,80(2), pp.12-13. Musso, E. also, Cusano, M.I., 2015. The Volkswagen Case: What Shall We Learn?.International Journal of Transport Economics,42(3). Rhodes, C., 2016. Majority rule Business Ethics: Volkswagens outflows embarrassment and the interruption of corporate sovereignty.Organization Studies, p.0170840616641984. Roth, G. also, DiBella, A., 2016.Systemic Change Management: The Five Capabilities for Improving Enterprises. Springer. Rudzinski, C.V. also, Uerz, G., 2014. Volkswagen: Open Foresight at the Front End of Research Innovation. InManagement of the Fuzzy Front End of Innovation(pp. 295-299). Springer International Publishing. Singh, A., 2013. An investigation of job of McKinsey's 7S structure in accomplishing hierarchical excellence.Organization Development Journal,31(3), p.39.

Intercultural communication( this is the course I'm studying, not the Assignment - 3

Intercultural correspondence( this is the course I'm considering, not the theme) - Assignment Example These incorporate eye to eye connection, tone, and gesturing. Contrasted with hearer number 3, who utilizes a fierce tone, this member of the jury is passionate and contacting in his discourse. This seems, by all accounts, to be a fundamental piece of his battle to communicate and have the court to more readily comprehend the blamed. Attendant 3 and 11 appear to be the alternate extremes of one another (Reilly and Stooksbury 37). I feel that cohort one has given a precise delineation of hearer number 3, and assisted with reaffirming my contention that he displays a hitting appear differently in relation to member of the jury 11. I accept that the encounters and characters of all legal hearers are showed in their conduct in the court. The case has given them a chance to portray the denounced dependent on what they feel and think (Niemiec and Wedding 19). I additionally concur with colleague 2 on his portrayal of member of the jury number 8, in spite of the fact that I imagine that he forgot about basic focuses like the juror’s foundation that characterizes his

No Child Left Behind Essay example -- Education Teaching Learning Essa

No Child Left Behind As understudies in a Structure and Philosophy class, one of the principle parts has been to present and acclimate us with the No Child Left Behind Act. President Bush passed this enactment on January 8, 2002. The NCLB Act was intended to guarantee every single understudy the privilege to a reasonable instruction, to give guardians more choices in their child’s training, and to ensure all instructors are exceptionally qualified. By profoundly qualified, the demonstration implies educators must have at any rate a bachelor’s qualification, have full state accreditation or licensure, and have exhibited skill in their branches of knowledge (US Dept. of Education). â€Å"Making the Grade,† which was distributed in the Salt Lake Tribune in September of this current year, is an article contending the negative sides of the No Child Left Behind Act. Through this article, a lion's share of the conversation respected the planning associated with NCLB. This article calls No Child Left Behind a â€Å"one-size-fits-all recipe for improving instruction in America† (Making the Grade). As indicated by President Bush, the NCLB Act is â€Å"’the cornerstone’ of his administration† (Salt Lake Tribune). Like with any enactment, in any case, come both positive and negative sides. As contended in â€Å"Making the Grade,† the No Child Left Behind Act tries to decrease holes in testing territories that have permitted children to progress without having top notch abilities in subjects, for example, math and perusing. By finding what children are sneaking past the holes in testing, it will be simpler for schools to help these understudies and ensure they are not abandoned. Other primary objectives of this demonstration incorporate to discover educators who are not accomplished in the subjects they are at present instructing, and to find those schools who bomb t... ... Act exceptionally overweigh the couple of negative sides of the demonstration, for example, the alleged absence of subsidizing as brought up in â€Å"Making the Grade.† With time and tolerance, I feel everybody will see the advantages of this demonstration and will be steady of a more promising time to come of instruction in the US. Works Cited: â€Å"Making the Grade.† Salt Lake Tribune. 14 Sept. 2003. 30 Oct. 2003. http://web.lexisnexis.com/universe/document?_m=e639f774e6d2737990eb1dcaeec86e34&_docnum=92&wchp=dGLbVlbzSkVA&_md5=66c0907fb6980f1de15959b46cf292a4 US Department of Education. Decisions for Parents. 8 November 2003. http://www.ed.gov/nclb/decision/index.html?src=ov US Department of Education. No Child Left Behind. 8 November 2003. http://www.ed.gov/nclb/landing.jhtml US Department of Education. No Child Left Behind. 8 November 2003. http://www.ed.gov/nclb/responsibility/ayp/testing.html

Make Better Business Decisions with These Three Templates - Focus

Make Better Business Decisions with These Three Templates - Focus We all make dozens if not hundreds of decisions every day: what to wear, where to have lunch, which business opportunity to invest in The problem is that too many decisions can be draining and lead to decision fatigue or even decision avoidance. At the end of a long day, we’re more likely to make impulse purchases, say no to things we would have otherwise agreed to, or simply select the default option instead of a better but perhaps more difficult one. None of these are good strategies for making important business decisions. In this article, we’ll introduce you to three simple templates that reduce the mental burden of decision making and thus help you prioritize what’s really important. Each of these templates uses a type of decision matrix that visualizes ideas, tasks or other elements on a two-dimensional canvas. While you could draw such a matrix on a whiteboard or flip chart, using an online diagramming tool such as MindMeister offers a number of benefits that you’d otherwise miss out on. With MindMeister you can: Move elements around or remove them easily Share the decision matrix with all stakeholders, even remote ones Invite colleagues to collaborate with you, to come to a decision together Attach additional information to each element, such as images, videos, notes, links or entire files Comment and vote on individual elements The decision matrixes we’re going to discuss below are readily available as   templates in MindMeister. Don’t have an account yet? You can sign up for free here. Effort vs Impact Matrix The Effort vs Impact Matrix helps you decide which tasks and projects to focus on. Tasks and projects are placed into one of the four quadrants in the grid. As the name suggests, their placement depends on their estimated effort and probable impact. Major projects: Place tasks or projects with a high effort and high impact into this quadrant. Quick wins: These are tasks/projects that are expected to have a relatively high impact but require very little effort. Fill-in jobs: Tasks or projects that don’t require a lot of work but also don’t have a big impact on your business go here. Thankless tasks: This includes everything that requires a lot of work yet isn’t expected to have a big impact on your business. Copy this template BCG Matrix The BCG Matrix is also known as the “Growth Market Share Matrix” or “Product Portfolio Matrix”. This tool was designed to help businesses get an overview of their product portfolio and decide which products to invest in and which to discontinue. The placement of products inside the matrix depends on their relative market share (horizontal axis) and their market growth rate (vertical axis). Products fall into one of four categories: Dogs: These are products with low growth or market share. Since they usually generate low or even negative cash returns, dogs are usually not worth investing in. Question marks: These are products in high growth markets with low market share. These products require close consideration as they could either turn into stars (and eventually cash cows) or dogs. Stars: These are products in high growth markets with high market share. These are the products a company should look to invest in, as they are expected to turn into cash cows and generate a positive cash flow. Cash cows: These are products in low growth markets with high market share and the kind of products a company should support and ‘milk’ for cash as much as possible. Copy this template Eisenhower Matrix Developed by Dwight D. Eisenhower, the 34th President of the United States, the Eisenhower Matrix helps you to decide on and prioritize tasks by urgency and importance. The Matrix suggests a different work strategy for each quadrant and the tasks that are placed therein: Do: Tasks that are both urgent and important are the ones you should focus on first. Decide: These are tasks that are important but not extremely urgent. You can take some time to decide on what to do with them, or simply schedule them for later. Delegate: Tasks that are urgent but not important should be delegated to others, so you can focus on the things that really matter. Delete: Most of us have a hard time following through on this one, but the truth is that it’s usually best to let go of tasks that are neither urgent nor important. Copy this template Next time you need to decide which task, project or product to prioritize, simply select the template that best fits your needs and fill it out, either alone or with your team. The resulting diagram will show you at a glance which items deserve your attention and which ones you can safely ignore or delegate. Make Better Decisions Try MindMeister Make Better Business Decisions with These Three Templates - Focus We all make dozens if not hundreds of decisions every day: what to wear, where to have lunch, which business opportunity to invest in The problem is that too many decisions can be draining and lead to decision fatigue or even decision avoidance. At the end of a long day, we’re more likely to make impulse purchases, say no to things we would have otherwise agreed to, or simply select the default option instead of a better but perhaps more difficult one. None of these are good strategies for making important business decisions. In this article, we’ll introduce you to three simple templates that reduce the mental burden of decision making and thus help you prioritize what’s really important. Each of these templates uses a type of decision matrix that visualizes ideas, tasks or other elements on a two-dimensional canvas. While you could draw such a matrix on a whiteboard or flip chart, using an online diagramming tool such as MindMeister offers a number of benefits that you’d otherwise miss out on. With MindMeister you can: Move elements around or remove them easily Share the decision matrix with all stakeholders, even remote ones Invite colleagues to collaborate with you, to come to a decision together Attach additional information to each element, such as images, videos, notes, links or entire files Comment and vote on individual elements The decision matrixes we’re going to discuss below are readily available as   templates in MindMeister. Don’t have an account yet? You can sign up for free here. Effort vs Impact Matrix The Effort vs Impact Matrix helps you decide which tasks and projects to focus on. Tasks and projects are placed into one of the four quadrants in the grid. As the name suggests, their placement depends on their estimated effort and probable impact. Major projects: Place tasks or projects with a high effort and high impact into this quadrant. Quick wins: These are tasks/projects that are expected to have a relatively high impact but require very little effort. Fill-in jobs: Tasks or projects that don’t require a lot of work but also don’t have a big impact on your business go here. Thankless tasks: This includes everything that requires a lot of work yet isn’t expected to have a big impact on your business. Copy this template BCG Matrix The BCG Matrix is also known as the “Growth Market Share Matrix” or “Product Portfolio Matrix”. This tool was designed to help businesses get an overview of their product portfolio and decide which products to invest in and which to discontinue. The placement of products inside the matrix depends on their relative market share (horizontal axis) and their market growth rate (vertical axis). Products fall into one of four categories: Dogs: These are products with low growth or market share. Since they usually generate low or even negative cash returns, dogs are usually not worth investing in. Question marks: These are products in high growth markets with low market share. These products require close consideration as they could either turn into stars (and eventually cash cows) or dogs. Stars: These are products in high growth markets with high market share. These are the products a company should look to invest in, as they are expected to turn into cash cows and generate a positive cash flow. Cash cows: These are products in low growth markets with high market share and the kind of products a company should support and ‘milk’ for cash as much as possible. Copy this template Eisenhower Matrix Developed by Dwight D. Eisenhower, the 34th President of the United States, the Eisenhower Matrix helps you to decide on and prioritize tasks by urgency and importance. The Matrix suggests a different work strategy for each quadrant and the tasks that are placed therein: Do: Tasks that are both urgent and important are the ones you should focus on first. Decide: These are tasks that are important but not extremely urgent. You can take some time to decide on what to do with them, or simply schedule them for later. Delegate: Tasks that are urgent but not important should be delegated to others, so you can focus on the things that really matter. Delete: Most of us have a hard time following through on this one, but the truth is that it’s usually best to let go of tasks that are neither urgent nor important. Copy this template Next time you need to decide which task, project or product to prioritize, simply select the template that best fits your needs and fill it out, either alone or with your team. The resulting diagram will show you at a glance which items deserve your attention and which ones you can safely ignore or delegate. Make Better Decisions Try MindMeister

AP Calculus Review Shell Method

The Shell Method is a technique for finding the volume of a solid of revolution. Just as in the Disk/Washer Method (see AP Calculus Review: Disk and Washer Methods), the exact answer results from a certain integral. In this article, well review the shell method and show how it solves volume problems on the AP Calculus AB/BC exams. Solids of Revolution and the Shell Method Briefly, a solid of revolution is the solid formed by revolving a plane region around a fixed axis. This African vase is a solid of revolution. We defined solids of revolution in a previous article, AP Calculus Review: Disk and Washer Methods. So you might want to read up before continuing. Shells, Shells, and more Shells Suppose you need to find the volume of a solid of revolution. First we have to decide how to slice the solid. If you wanted to slice perpendicular to the axis of revolution, then you would get slabs that look like thin cylinders (disks) or cylinders with circles removed (washers). However, the Shell Method requires a different kind of slicing. Imagine that your solid is made of cookie dough. And you have a set of circular cookie cutters of various sizes. Starting with the smallest cookie cutter and progressing to larger ones, lets slice through the dough in concentric rings. Making sure to slice in the same direction as the axis of revolution, you will get a clump of nested shells, or thin hollow cylindrical objects. An object consisting of nested cylindrical shells Approximating the Volume Now lets take a closer look at a single shell. Cylindrical shell with height h, radius r, and thickness w. As long as the thickness is small enough, the volume of the shell can be approximated by the formula: V = 2rhw Note that the volume is simply the circumference (2r) times the height (h) times the thickness (w). In fact, you can think of cutting the shell along its height and unrolling it to produce a thin rectangular slab. Then the volume is simply length height width as in any rectangular solid. Now suppose we have a solid of revolution with generating region being the area under a function y = f(x) between x = a and x = b. And suppose that the y-axis as its axis of symmetry. (This is the easiest case). Region below f(x) = x2 + 1, between 2 and 6, revolved around the y-axis Imagine what happens to a thin vertical strip of the region as it revolves around the y-axis. Because the axis is also vertical, the strip will sweep out a cylindrical shell. Furthermore, we have the following info about each shell: Its radius is r = x (distance from a typical point to the yaxis). The height is h = y = f(x). Its thickness is a small change in x, which we label as x or dx. Therefore, the approximate volume of a typical shell is: V = 2x f(x) dx Integration But remember, thats only a single shell. The solid consists of shells that were sliced at various positions xk along the x-axis. So we should add them up to get the approximate volume of the entire solid. Finally, after taking the limit as n (so that we have infinitely many shells to fill out the solid), we get the exact formula. Example 1 Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region under f(x) = x2 + 1, where 2 x 6, around the y-axis. Solution It might help to sketch a figure. Fortunately, this is exactly whats pictured in the figure above. First identify the dimensions of a typical shell. r = x h = f(x) = x2 + 1 Thickness = dx In addition, we use a = 2 and b = 6 because we have 2 x 6. Now set up the Shell Method integral and evaluate to find the volume. Thus the volume is equal to 672 cubic units. More than One Function When the generating region is defined as the area between two functions, then we have to modify the formula somewhat. Consider the region between two curves, y = f(x) on top and y = g(x) on bottom, between x = a and x = b. The height at a typical sample x-value is equal to the difference of the two function values. That is, h = y2 y1 = f(x) g(x) This observation leads directly to the following version of the Shell Method formula: Revolving around Different Axes There are also variations of the formula to cover cases in which the axis of revolution is not the y-axis. In all cases though, the axis must not be interior to the region itself. Be careful! The horizontal axis cases require that the functions be solved for x rather than y. Vertical Axis x = h entirely to the left of the region bounded above by y = f(x) and below by y = g(x): Horizontal Axis y = k entirely below the region bounded on the right by x = f(y) and on the left by x = g(y): Example 2 Let R be the region bounded by y = x4 and y = 3x3. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving R around the line x = -2. Solution Lets make a sketch. There is only a tiny sliver of area between the two curves. To find the bounds of integration, we need to set the two functions equal. So we get x = 0 and x = 3. These two values will be our a and b in the integral. Then identify the radius, height, and thickness of the typical shell. r = x (-2) = x + 2 h = f(x) g(x) = 3x3 x4 Thickness = dx Finally, put it all together and evaluate the definite integral.

The Ethnocentric Society of American Culture - 971 Words

The American culture is revolved around our image. It seems like we are all very egocentric and don’t try to add other cultures or different races views into our society. In other words, we are an ethnocentric society that focuses on the dominant white race and people with money. According to the textbook, â€Å"Ethnocentrism is the tendency to judge other cultures using one’s own standards† (Newman 113). I have viewed and analyzed four different magazines: Cosmopolitan, Allure, Muscles and Fitness, and College Basketball. Two of these magazines were for women and two of the magazines where for males and I have concluded that we as Americans only care about ourselves and about money. While comparing women and male magazines I noticed some differences in race and social class. â€Å"Social class is a group of people who share a similar economic position in a society, based on their wealth and income† (Newman 321). The majority of the women’s magazine advertisements conveyed white females that were upper class; this could because as women we want to be seen as glamorous, superior, and attractive. The common theme of the advertisements where about make-up and clothes; advertisements about how to make one’s self beautiful. In other words; these advertisements were egocentric. I can tell because not one advertisement was about the poor and how to help these individuals; then again these magazines weren’t about how to help our world. But wouldn’t you think these magazines could have addedShow MoreRelatedEthnocentric Education1811 Words   |  7 PagesIn the United States, ethnocentric charter schools are flowering to provide non-whit e students alternatives to the white hegemonic pedagogy (Buchanan, Fox, Eckes, Basford, 2012). The same model would work wonderfully in Canada, where multiculturalism is more entrenched and welcomed. Target populations in Canada for ethnocentric education would be African-Canadian, Native Canadian, and Asian Canadian. Ethnocentric education, also known as culturally appropriate education, is not a monolithic pedagogicalRead MoreRacial Beliefs Of The United States Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pageshistory is full of ethnocentric beliefs that have led to the ethnocentric development of the country. One of the most remote examples of this ethnocentric belief is displayed with the construction of off-reservation boarding schools for Native Americans first started in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, by former general, Richard Henry Pratt. 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The Geert Hofstede webpage shows Nigeria scores higher than the United States on power distance, a score of 80 on the Geert Hofstede webpage. Power distance is defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations

Personality Biological And Humanistic Approaches

Personality through biological and humanistic approaches In this paper I will try to elucidate how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs shows the extent to which growth needs influence personality formation, also put into words how biological factors influence the formation of personality. Observe the relationship of biological factors to Maslow’s theory as well as explain the basic aspects of humanistic theory that are incompatible with biological explanations of personality. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs shows us that the most basic need is physiological needs that assure our survival like water, air, and food. Since these are the most important because without these needs the body shuts down they should be seen to first for survival. Maslow places Safety as the second most important need because after the survival need is met the human personality needs to feel safe. Safety comes in many forms from job security to health and well-being without safety the person will have stress disorder, post traumatic stress disorder and generational trauma for example, the holocaust victims and the generational fear that another might come about to the people. After safety has been taken care of the human need is love and to feel like they belong somewhere. Friendship, Family, and intimacy for example a person who has been abused or neglected might feel unworthy of love or even feel like they have to stay connected to the abusive person so they can have that inti macy even though it is hurtful.Show MoreRelatedBiological and Humanistic Approaches to Personality Essay1251 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: BIOLOGICAL AND HUMANISTIC APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY Mileva Repasky PSYC 250 Jean M. Porter University of Phoenix Personality can be defined as â€Å"the complex of all the attributes-behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental-that characterizes a unique individual.† (Princeton University, n.d.) Personality has been studied and explained for a long time and is linked directly to Maslow’s humanistic and biological theories. This paper seeks to describe the biological factorsRead MoreBiological and Humanistic Approaches to Personality Essay747 Words   |  3 PagesBiological and Humanistic Approaches to Personality Valerye Rogers PSY/250- Psychology of Personality Michael Moore, Instructor February 21, 2011 Biological and Humanistic Approaches to Personality In the following, the author will discuss and analyze the biological and humanistic approaches to personality. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs will be discussed and examined. The author will describe biological factors that influence the formation of personality. The author will examine the relationshipRead MoreBehavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits Paper1082 Words   |  5 PagesBiological and Humanistic Approaches to Personality Paper PSY/250 Traci Petteway January 12, 2013 University of Phoenix There are similarities and differences when analyzing the components of biological and humanistic approaches to personality. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs express important aspects of biological factors that approaches personality. Abraham Maslow hierarchy of needs focused on a theory of human motivation, management training, and personal development. Maslow divided organismicRead MoreBiological And Humanistic Concepts Of The Maslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1364 Words   |  6 PagesBiological and Humanistic Approaches to Personality In this paper, I will show you how Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers agreed on the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and also the biological and humanistic approach. â€Å"The hierarchy of needs theory remains valid today for understanding human motivation, management training, and personal development† (Orana, 2009). Maslow’s book Personality and Motivation was published in 1954 introducing his theory of the hierarchy of needs. Abraham Maslow AbrahamRead MoreBiological vs Humanistic Approach to Personality1540 Words   |  7 Pageshead: BIOLOGICAL VS HUMANISTIC APPROACH TO PERSONALITY Biological vs. Humanistic Approach to Personality Lawrence Sawyer University of Phoenix Biological vs. Humanistic Approach to Personality As several styles are used to define the personality, two are often used to subsidize another approach. Both biological and humanistic approaches are typically used as under tones. Evolutionary/genetic perspectives do not generally account for the biological mechanisms between genes and personality.   TheoristsRead MoreWeek 3 Paper psy 2501482 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Biological and Humanistic Approaches to Personality Stefani Castillo University of Phoenix PSY 250 Sandra Coswatte June 2, 2014 Biological and Humanistic Approached to Personality Through the use of this paper the agreement between Maslow and Rogers when it comes to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs will be shown. It will also focus on the humanistic and biological approaches to personality. According to Orana (2009), Maslow’s hierarchy of needs isRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Psychodynamic Approaches, Trait, Learning, Biological And Evolutionary, And Humanistic Approaches1279 Words   |  6 PagesThe first subject discussed is comparing and contrasting the personality approaches to personality. This includes subjects of Psychodynamic Approaches, Trait, Learning, Biological and Evolutionary, and Humanistic Approaches. The second subject discussed is how binge eating becomes the abnormal behavior or the eating disorder called Bulimia Nervosa. How there are other abnormal behaviors associated with the disorder as well. The last subject discussed is homosexuality in terms whenever it was takenRead MoreHumanistic Approach1074 Words   |   5 PagesComparing and analyzing the biological and humanistic approaches to personality can be a difference of opinions. Abraham Maslow studied the development of personality. Maslow developed his own personality theory based on the basic human needs. His hierarchy of needs pyramid shows the influences of human needs to the formation of unique individual personality. There are biological factors that influence the formation of individual personality that play a factor. By reviewing the relationshipsRead MoreMaslows Biological Factors vs Humanistic Theory1272 Words   |  6 Pagestry to explain the use Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to discuss the extent to which growth needs influence personality formation, also describe biological factors that influence the formation of personality. Examine the relationship of biological factors to Maslow’s theory of personality, explained the basic aspect of humanistic theory that are incompatible with biological expla nations of personality. Abraham Maslow developed the hierarchy of needs theory still remain valid today for understanding humanRead MorePsy 250 Complete Course (Psychology of Personality) - a+ Work1520 Words   |  7 Pages(Psychology of Personality) - A+ Work IF You Want To Purchase A+ Work Then Click The Link Below , Instant Download http://hwnerd.com/PSY-250-Psychology-of-Personality-Complete-Course-1138.htm?categoryId=-1 If You Face Any Problem E- Mail Us At Contact.Hwnerd@Gmail.Com Week 1 Individual Assignment Personality Reflection Write a 700- to 1,050-word reflective paper that addresses the following questions: o How would you define personality? o What are some key personality features that

Who Else Wants to Learn About Essay Samples for Grade 9?

Who Else Wants to Learn About Essay Samples for Grade 9? The Unexpected Truth About Essay Samples for Grade 9 Additionally, there are free informative speech papers that it is possible to download from the world wide web. In 10th grade, students ought to be in a position to write and complete written compositions on a normal basis. Therefore, such statement should not be overly large or general, because it defines the essential route for the paper. Exactly like a thesis statement, a purpose statement can be found at the close of the intro paragraph, or may choose the kind of a different paragraph in sizeable papers, like dissertations etc.. If you are in possession of a crystal clear essay, readers will understand easily what you wish to tell. The readers wish to read an essay that's absolutely free from any mistakes so it will be simple to comprehend. Your paragraphs do not connect one another's meaning and the whole thought of your essay might be incomprehensible. Therefore, either you wish to learn more about how to compose an essay, or you desire some essay writing services or even in the event that you would like to go through some sample essays, then just refer to WritingBest and all of your requirements will be fulfilled whenever possible. So far as essay structure goes, a 4 or 5 paragraph essay based on the number of points you are going to want to argue is an excellent start. So whenever you're writing on argumentative subject, then you have to be more careful than you usually are. If you would like to convince your readers, be sure that you present information in a superior manner that could be read easily. It's critical to be specific and supply factual details. Design an internet site which pulls information from several sources to supply a unified view. The information should have a superior flow. The Fight Ag ainst Essay Samples for Grade 9 Essay writing is often practiced is schools. Months before the IELTS test, you should first realize the position in which you stand when it comes to the English language. You need to understand how to compose an effective essay as it is a typical foundation for a student's grade. Students are requested to indicate how a specific sentence may be corrected or improved or the way the organization or development of a paragraph may be strengthened. Students learn how to write effectively when they write more frequently. They have to write essays depending on the teacher's instructions or their desired style in writing. Lack of time Unlike in high school, they do not have a lot of time to write essays in college. As a consequence, most students prefer to look for external aid to be able to boost their grades. Who Else Wants to Learn About Essay Samples for Grade 9? Argumentative essays are a structure and form of an essay that's intended to argue a particular idea or concept that's then brought through a process which delivers support and data that could enhance or take away from the view of the scenario. In a brief paper, a thesis statement should be found at the close of the intro paragraph. What's more, it's possible to also seek the aid of your course mates that have a better knowledge of the topic than you do. Put simply, the theme on which you are likely to compose your thesis ought to be limited in scope or it can turn out disjointed and lose its intended aim. The Chronicles of Essay Samples for Grade 9 Reading samples of response papers is also an additional way by which you can easily learn how to compose a reaction paper to documentary. Then, you've got to keep in your mind several things. These guidelines will help you in planning how to compose a reaction paper to a documentary. Use recognizable tone along with theme you may identify with. The effect of consumerism is a problem for global warming. The usage of fossil fuels is also quite effective as it reduces using harmful fuels like petroleum and diesel as they harm atmosphere around us. Increasing for production is the consequence of consumerisms. The Downside Risk of Essay Samples for Grade 9 Provide the facts of your litigation certifications Your previous work experience will assist you in getting more employers. Finally be certain that your essay meets minimum set requirements and doesn't overlook some crucial requir ements. Some individuals desire to get a good life partner, although some of them desire to have handsome quantity of income. Person goal examples may supply the guidance to a person.

The Study of Rhetoric Essay - 1038 Words

The Study of Rhetoric Works Cited Missing The study of rhetoric traditionally has aimed to equip students with an ability to identify problems and issues, to investigate, to interpret, and to communicate results -- whatever the subject matter. These abilities require higher-level thinking, not just skills; analysis and evaluation, not just observation . . . . The study emphasizes strategies and practice rather than a body of facts and contemplation; thus the study of rhetoric aims for social application. Students are studying rhetoric in a technical communication course even though they may never hear of Aristotle nor study history and theory of rhetoric. Identifying a problem, gathering, interpreting, and arranging information,†¦show more content†¦Because definitions are a product of rigid, formal thinking, quality cannot be defined. (ZMM -- Pirsig 206) Pirsig, a theorist as well as a rhetorician would see the approach as the right idea. Students should be faced with challenges that require demonstration of understanding as well as some demonstration of quality. I know that stating Pirsig feels students need to demonstrate some effort towards quality is reaching, but I think that is what he is truly looking for students (his in particular) to be able to understand and demonstrate. I feel that this is what you are trying to establish with us as students in your class as well. Flaws are found in this methodology of education, Pirsig sees that students need to be taught Quality but, †¦how are you to teach something that isnt premeditated? It was a seemingly impossible requirement. (Pirsig 176) Struggling with this concept leads one to believe that students must develop a sense of Quality based on what they feel. There is no prescriptive method to teach students to produce Quality. Pirsigs major problem with this whole concept is that he does not have a true understanding of Quality, and rightfully so. How is one supposed to determine Quality? Heres how Pirsig (in my eyes) might respond to Carolyn Rude; students should be introduced to methodology in order to make valid attempts but the answers are to be derived from students applying effort to a goal,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of A Lot Can Be Learned About Rhetoric, And The Integrity Of Women And Gender Studies Essay1912 Words   |  8 Pages A lot can be learned about rhetoric by looking at these two articles: â€Å"5 Charts That Show Sexism Is Still Alive and Well in Gaming† and â€Å"The Integrity of Women and Gender Studies†. One portrays the gaming community as sexist and underrepresenting women (Kleeman) while the other condemns modern feminism for treating women as victims and â€Å"vilifying† men (Frohlich). The first uses many logical arguments that are used to bring emotion to the reader, and make them feel like certain things are ethicallyRead More The Composition and Rhetoric Field Essay1051 Words   |  5 PagesComposition and Rhetoric (a.k.a. Writing Studies): A Flexible Field In his essay, Teach Writing as a Process not a Product, Donald Murray outlines the major difference between the traditional pedagogy that directed the teaching of writing in the past and his newly hailed model. Traditionally, Murray explains, English teachers were taught to teach and evaluate students writing as if it was a finished product of literature when, as he has discovered, students learn better if theyre taught thatRead MoreAristotle s Rhetoric And The Three Different Formations Of The Theory1260 Words   |  6 Pages(1996) states, â€Å"The proper aim of the rhetoric is that of finding the best available means of persuasion, whatever the subject me be (1355a4 ff., 1355b26 ff.)† (p. 1). This is exactly what Aristotle does through the use of the rhetoric and the three different formations of the theory he created. Aristotle was very adamant on the use of rhetoric when addressing an audience. Rorty (1996) claims that â€Å"Aristotle chides the authors of earlier handb ooks on rhetoric for concentrating primarily on techniquesRead MoreWeight Loss And Its Myths1665 Words   |  7 PagesThis however is a skill that is learned over time and calls for patience to master. This skill is the use of rhetoric to someone’s advantage. From a general point of view, rhetoric involves changing perception or understanding from their original to make them form a different opinion of the same thing. It may involve adding things that attract people and may not be necessarily true. Rhetoric can be used to help or deceive people, which is why it is important to know when it is being used just to beRead MoreRhetoric And Its Impact On The Modern Electronic Age1734 Words   |  7 PagesRhetoric is defined as the art or study of using language effectively and persuasively. Rhetoric in our electronic age has improved greatly due to technological advances since the practice of rhetoric was created. Major philosophers such as Andrea Lunsford, Lawrence Perill, Arist otle, and Sophist such as Gorgias and Protagoras have shown reasons why rhetoric is important and has improved over the many years dating back to Greek, Renaissance, and Roman times. Throughout the modern electronic age rhetoricRead MoreDr. Lamps Case For Tenure And Promotion1485 Words   |  6 Pagesrecommending Professor Lamp for tenure and promotion. Dr. Lamp is a scholar of rhetorical theory, practice, and education and joined the English department in fall semester 2010. Her published scholarship since arriving at ASU includes one book, The Rhetoric of Augustan Rome (2013, University of South Carolina Press), two refereed articles in major peer reviewed journals, and two book reviews. She also has one 3,000 word contribution in a refereed conference proceeding, which has been submitted for publicationRead More Aristotle and the Techne of Rhetoric Essay1447 Words   |  6 PagesAristotle and the Techne of Rhetoric Between the third and fifth centuries B.C. there existed a â€Å"golden and classical age† of thought in the ancient world, with the majority of this activity centered in the polis of Athens, Greece. Although the city is historically recognized for its legendary conflict with rival polis Sparta, Athens is perhaps best known for the creation of democracy—that noble political experiment that laid the preliminary structure for most of the rights we AmericansRead MoreRhetoric : The Power Of Discourse1689 Words   |  7 Pagesart of rhetoric has been present since the beginning of time. The birth of rhetoric is usually attributed to the Greeks as they presented us with ideas and theories about discourse. Famous philosophers such as Plato, the Sophists, and Aristotle presented us with theories that continue to be studied throughout. Most importantly the reason why we still study rhetoric is because rhetoric is everywhere. Our everyday lives are filled with the intensity of rhetoric and what it can do. Thus, rhetoric is theRead MoreThe Dark : The Evolution Of General Rhetoric, By George A. Kennedy1113 Words   |  5 PagesSpeculative, General Reflexive Rhetoric of Autopoietic Hooting Machines In his 1992 essay â€Å"A Hoot in the Dark: The Evolution of General Rhetoric,† George A. Kennedy proposed a foundation of and for a â€Å"General Rhetoric† that encompasses the activity of all social, communicative animals, a rhetoric as potential energy that exists prior to not only speech but to the whole of communication. Twenty-five years later, writing in the same journal, Philosophy and Rhetoric, and affiliated with the same institutionRead MoreElbow And Bartholomae Rhetoric Essay797 Words   |  4 PagesApplying â€Å"What is Rhetoric?† to Elbow’s and Bartholomaes Arguments The role of academic writing in a students life is largely contested among rhetoric and writing professors and academics. Covino and Joliffes article What is Rhetoric? and Elbow and Bartholomaes academic discussion both seek to define both what role academic is and what role writing should play in undergraduate studies. While What is Rhetoric? focuses more on finding one definitive definition of rhetoric, Elbow and Bartholomae

The Wealth of Nations Free Essays

The Wealth of Nations was published 9 March 1776, during the Scottish Enlightenment and the Scottish Agricultural Revolution. It influenced a number of authors and economists, as well as governments and organizations. Synopsis I: Of the Causes of Improvement in the productive Powers of Labour Of the Division of Labour: Division of labour has caused a greater increase in production than any other factor. We will write a custom essay sample on The Wealth of Nations or any similar topic only for you Order Now This diversification is greatest for nations with more industry and improvement, and is responsible for â€Å"universal opulence† in those countries. Agriculture is less amenable than industry to division of labour; hence, rich nations are not so far ahead of poor nations in agriculture as in industry. Of the Principle which gives Occasion to the Division of Labour: Division of labour arises not from innate wisdom, but from humans’ propensity to barter. The apparent difference in natural talents between people is a result of specialization, rather than any innate cause. That the Division of Labour is Limited by the Extent of the Market: Limited opportunity for exchange discourages division of labour. Because â€Å"water-carriage† extends the market, division of labour, with its improvements, comes earliest to cities near waterways. Civilization began around the highly navigable Mediterranean Sea†¦ Of the Origin and Use of Money: With division of labour, the producer of one’s own labour can fill only a small part of one’s needs. Different commodities have served as a common medium of exchange, but all nations have finally settled on metals, which are durable and divisible, for this purpose. Before coinage, people had to weigh and assay with each exchange, or risk â€Å"the grossest frauds and impositions. Thus nations began stamping metal, on one side only, to ascertain purity, or on all sides, to stipulate purity and amount. The quantity of real metal in coins has diminished, due to the â€Å"avarice and injustice of princes and sovereign states,† enabling them to pay their debts in appearance only, and to the defraudment of creditors. Of the Rea l and Nominal Price of Commodities, or of their Price in Labour, and their Price in Money: Smith gives two conflicting definitions of the relative value of a commodity. Adam Smith, â€Å"What everything really costs to the man, who wants to acquire it, is the toil and trouble of acquiring it. What everything is really worth to the man who has acquired it, and who wants to dispose of it, or exchange it for something else, is the toil and trouble which it can save to himself, and which it can impose upon other people. That this is really the foundation of the exchangeable value of all things, excepting those which cannot be increased by human industry, is a doctrine of the utmost importance in political economy. â€Å"The value of any commodity †¦ is equal to the quantity of labour which it enables him to purchase or command. Labour, therefore, is the real measure of the exchangeable value of all commodities. † Of the Component Parts of the Price of Commodities: Smith argues that the price of any product reflects wages, rent of land and â€Å"†¦ profit of stock,† which compensates the capitalist for risking his resources. Of the Natural and Market Price of Commodities: â€Å"When the quantity of any commodity which is brought to market falls short of the effectual demand, all those who are willing to pay†¦ annot be supplied with the quantity which they want†¦ Some of them will be willing to give more. A competition will begin among them, and the market price will rise†¦ When the quantity brought to market exceeds the effectual demand, it cannot be all sold to those who are willing to pay the whole value of the rent, wages and profit, which must be paid in order to bring it thither†¦ The market price will sink†¦ † When demand exceeds supply, the price goes up. When the supply exceeds demand, the price goes down. Of the Wages of Labour: Smith describes how the wages of labour are dictated primarily by the competition among laborers and masters. When laborers bid against one another for limited opportunities for employment, the wages of labour collectively fall, whereas when employers compete against one another for limited supplies of labour, the wages of labour collectively rise. However, this process of competition is often circumvented by combinations among laborers and among masters. When laborers combine and no longer bid against one another, their wages rise, whereas when masters combine, wages fall. Of the Profits of Stock: Smith uses interest rates as an indicator of the profits of stock. This is because interest can only be paid with the profits of stock, and so creditors will be able to raise rates in proportion to the increase or decrease of the profits of their debtors. Smith argues that the profits of stock are inversely proportional to the wages of labour, because as more money is spent compensating labour, there is less remaining for personal profit. It follows that, in societies where competition among laborers is greatest relative to competition among employers, profits will be much higher. Smith illustrates this by comparing interest rates in England and Scotland. In England, government laws against usury had kept maximum interest rates very low, but even the maximum rate was believed to be higher than the rate at which money was usually loaned. In Scotland, however, interest rates are much higher. This is the result of a greater proportion of capitalists in England, which offsets some competition among laborers and raises wages. Of Wages and Profit in the Different Employments of Labour and Stock: Smith repeatedly attacks groups of politically aligned individuals who attempt to use their collective influence to manipulate the government into doing their bidding. At the time, these were referred to as â€Å"factions,† but are now more commonly called â€Å"special interests,† a term that can comprise international bankers, corporate conglomerations, outright oligopolies, trade unions and other groups. Indeed, Smith had a particular distrust of the tradesman class. He felt that the members of this class, especially acting together within the guilds they want to form, could constitute a power block and manipulate the state into regulating for special interests against the general interest: â€Å"People of the same trade seldom meet together, even for merriment and diversion, but the conversation ends in a conspiracy against the public, or in some contrivance to raise prices. It is impossible indeed to prevent such meetings, by any law which either could be executed, or would be consistent with liberty and justice. But though the law cannot hinder people of the same trade from sometimes assembling together, it ought to do nothing to facilitate such assemblies; much less to render them necessary. † Smith also argues against government subsidies of certain trades, because this will draw many more people to the trade than what would otherwise be normal, collectively lowering their wages. Motivates an understanding of the idea of feudalism. Of the Rent of the Land: Rent, considered as the price paid for the use of land, is naturally the highest the tenant can afford in the actual circumstances of the land. In adjusting lease terms, the landlord endeavors to leave him no greater share of the produce than what is sufficient to keep up the stock from which he furnishes the seed, pays the labour, and purchases and maintains the cattle and other instruments of husbandry, together with the ordinary profits of farming stock in the neighborhood. This is evidently the smallest share with which the tenant can content himself without being a loser, and the landlord seldom means to leave him anymore. Whatever part of the produce, or, what is the same thing, whatever part of its price, is over and above this share, he naturally endeavors to reserve to himself as the rent of his land, which is evidently the highest the tenant can afford to pay in the actual circumstances of the land. II: Of the Nature, Accumulation, and Employment of Stock Of the Division of Stock: â€Å"When the stock which a man possesses is no more than sufficient to maintain him for a few days or a few weeks, he seldom thinks of deriving any revenue from it. He consumes it as sparingly as he can, and endeavors by his labour to acquire something which may supply its place before it be consumed altogether. His revenue is, in this case, derived from his labour only. This is the state of the greater part of the laboring poor in all countries. † â€Å"But when he possesses stock sufficient to maintain him for months or years, he naturally endeavors to derive revenue from the greater part of it; reserving only so much for his immediate consumption as may maintain him till this revenue begins to come in. His whole stock, therefore, is distinguished into two parts. That part which, he expects, is to afford him this revenue, is called his capital. Of Money Considered as a particular Branch of the General Stock of the Society: â€Å"That the price of the greater part of commodities resolves itself into three parts, of which one pays the wages of the labour, another the profits of the stock, and a third the rent of the land which had been employed in producing and bringing them to market: that there are, indeed, some commodities of which the price is made up of two of those parts only, the wages of labour, and the profits of stock: and a very few in which it consists altogether in one, the wages of labour: but that the price of every commodity necessarily resolves itself into some one, or other, or all of these three parts; every part of it which goes neither to rent nor to wages, being necessarily profit to somebody. † Of the Accumulation of Capital, or of Productive and Unproductive Labour: â€Å"One sort of labour ads to the value of the subject upon which it is bestowed: there is another which has no such effect. The former, as it produces a value, may be called productive; the latter, unproduct ive labour. Thus the labour of a manufacturer adds, generally, to the value of the materials which he works upon, that of his own maintenance and of his master’s profit. The labour of a menial servant, on the contrary, adds to the value of nothing. † Of Stock Lent at Interest: â€Å"The stock which is lent at interest is always considered as a capital by the lender. He expects that in due time it is to be restored to him, and that in the meantime the borrower is to pay him a certain annual rent for the use of it. The borrower may use it either as a capital, or as a stock reserved for immediate consumption. If he uses it as a capital, he employs it in the maintenance of productive labourers, who reproduce the value with a profit. He can, in this case, both restore the capital and pay the interest without alienating or encroaching upon any other source of revenue. If he uses it as a stock reserved for immediate consumption, he acts the part of a prodigal, and dissipates in the maintenance of the idle what was destined for the support of the industrious. He can, in this case, neither restore the capital nor pay the interest without either alienating or encroaching upon some other source of revenue, such as the property or the rent of land. † The stock which is lent at interest is, no doubt, occasionally employed in both these ways, but in the former much more frequently than in the latter. III: Of the different Progress of Opulence in different Nations Of the Natural Progress of Opulence: â€Å"The great commerce of every civilized society is that carried on between the inhabitants of the town and those of the country. It consists in the exchange of crude for manufactured produce, either immediately, or by the intervention of money, or of some sort of paper which represents money. The country supplies the town with the means of subsistence and the materials of manufacture. The town repays this supply by sending back a part of the manufactured produce to the inhabitants of the country. The town, in which there neither is nor can be any reproduction of substances, may very roperly be said to gain its whole wealth and subsistence from the country. We must not, however, upon this account, imagine that the gain of the town is the loss of the country. The gains of both are mutual and reciprocal, and the division of labour is in this, as in all other cases, advantageous to all the different persons employed in the various occupations into which it is subdivided. † Of the Discouragement of Agriculture: â€Å"Of the Discouragement of Agriculture in the Ancient State of Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire†. â€Å"When the German and Scythian nations overran the western provinces of the Roman Empire, the confusions which followed so great a revolution lasted for several centuries. The rapine and violence which the barbarians exercised against the ancient inhabitants interrupted the commerce between the towns and the country. The towns were deserted, and the country was left uncultivated, and the western provinces of Europe, which had enjoyed a considerable degree of opulence under the Roman Empire, sunk into the lowest state of poverty and barbarism. During the continuance of those confusions, the chiefs and principal leaders of those nations acquired or usurped to themselves the greater part of the lands of those countries. A great part of them was uncultivated; but no part of them, whether cultivated or uncultivated, was left without a proprietor. All of them were engrossed, and the greater part by a few great proprietors. This original engrossing of uncultivated lands, though a great, might have been but a transitory evil. They might soon have been divided again, and broke into small parcels either by succession or by alienation. The law of primogeniture hindered them from being divided by succession: the introduction of entails prevented their being broke into small parcels by alienation. † Of the Rise and Progress of Cities and Towns, after the fall of the Roman Empire: â€Å"The inhabitants of cities and towns were, after the fall of the Roman empire, not more favored than those of the country. They consisted, indeed, of a very different order of people from the first inhabitants of the ancient republics of Greece and Italy. These last were composed chiefly of the proprietors of lands, among whom the public territory was originally divided, and who found it convenient to build their houses in the neighborhood of one another, and to surround them with a wall, for the sake of common defense. After the fall of the Roman Empire, on the contrary, the proprietors of land seem generally to have lived in fortified castles on their own estates, and in the midst of their own tenants and dependants. The towns were chiefly inhabited by tradesmen and mechanics, which seem in those days to have been of servile, or very nearly of servile condition. The privileges which we find granted by ancient charters to the inhabitants of some of the principal towns in Europe sufficiently show what they were before those grants. The people to whom it is granted as a privilege that they might give away their own daughters in marriage without the consent of their lord, that upon their death their own children, and not their lord, should succeed to their goods, and that they might dispose of their own effects by will, must, before those grants, have been either altogether or very nearly in the same state of villanage with the occupiers of land in the country. † How the Commerce of the Towns Contributed to the Improvement of the Country: Smith often harshly criticized those who act purely out of self-interest and greed, and warns that, â€Å"†¦ for us, and nothing for other people, seems, in every age of the world, to have been the vile maxim of the masters of mankind. † IV: Of Systems of political Economy Of the Principle of the Commercial or Mercantile System: Specifically, The Wealth of Nations attacks, inter alia, two major tenets of mercantilism: 1. The idea that protectionist tariffs serve the economic interests of a nation (or indeed any purpose whatsoever) and 2. The idea that large reserve of gold bullion or other precious metals are necessary for a country’s economic success. Of the extraordinary Restraints: â€Å"Of the extraordinary Restraints upon the Importation of Goods of almost all Kinds, from those Countries with which the Balance is supposed to be Disadvantageous†. Of Drawbacks: Merchants and manufacturers are not contented with the monopoly of the home market, but desire likewise the most extensive foreign sale for their goods. Of Treaties of Commerce: When a nation binds itself by treaty either to permit the entry of certain goods from one foreign country which it prohibits from all others, or to exempt the goods of one country from duties to which it subjects those of all others, the country, or at least the merchants and manufacturers of the country, whose commerce is so favored, must necessarily derive great advantage from the treaty. Those merchants and manufacturers enjoy a sort of monopoly in the country which is so indulgent to them. That country becomes a market both more extensive and more advantageous for their goods: more extensive, because the goods of other nations being either excluded or subjected to heavier duties, it takes off a greater quantity of theirs: more advantageous, because the merchants of the favored country, enjoying a sort of monopoly there, will often sell their goods for a better price than if exposed to the free competition of all other nations. † Of Colonies: Of the Motives for establishing new Colonies: The interest which occasioned the first settlement of the different European colonies in America and the West Indies was not altogether as plain and distinct as that which directed the establishment of those of ancient Greece and Rome. Causes of Prosperity of new Colonies: The colonists carry out with them knowledge of agriculture and of other useful arts superior to what can grow up of its own accord in the course of many centuries among savage and barbarous nations. They carry out with them, too, the habit of subordination, some notion of the regular government which takes place in their own country, of the system of laws which supports it, and of a regular administration of justice; and they naturally establish something of the same kind in the new settlement. Of the Agricultural Systems: â€Å"Of the Agricultural Systems, or of those Systems of Political Economy, which Represent the Produce of Land, as either the Sole or the Principal, Source of the Revenue and Wealth of Every Country†. V: Of the Revenue of the Sovereign or Commonwealth Smith postulated four â€Å"maxims† of taxation: proportionality, transparency, convenience, and efficiency. Of the Expenses of the Sovereign or Commonwealth: On taxation Smith wrote, â€Å"The subjects of every state ought to contribute towards the support of the government, as nearly as possible, in proportion to their respective abilities; that is, in proportion to the revenue which they respe ctively enjoy under the protection of the state. The expense of government to the individuals of a great nation is like the expense of management to the joint tenants of a great estate, who are all obliged to contribute in proportion to their respective interests in the estate. In the observation or neglect of this maxim consists what is called the equality or inequality of taxation. † Of the Sources of the General or Public Revenue of the Society: In his discussion of taxes â€Å"The necessaries of life occasion the great expense of the poor. † They find it difficult to get food, and the greater part of their little revenue is spent in getting it. The luxuries and vanities of life occasion the principal expense of the rich, and a magnificent house embellishes and sets off to the best advantage all the other luxuries and vanities which they possess. A tax upon house-rents, therefore, would in general fall heaviest upon the rich; and in this sort of inequality there would not, perhaps, be anything very unreasonable. It is not very unreasonable that the rich should contribute to the public expense, not only in proportion to their revenue, but something more than in that proportion. † Of War and Public Debts: â€Å"†¦ when war comes politicians are both unwilling and unable to increase their tax revenue in proportion to the increase of their expense. They are unwilling for fear of offending the people, who, by so great and so sudden an increase of taxes, would soon be disgusted with the war †¦ The facility of borrowing delivers them from the embarrassment †¦ By means of borrowing they are enabled, with a very moderate increase of taxes, to raise, from year to year, money sufficient for carrying on the war, and by the practice of perpetually funding they are enabled, with the smallest possible increase of taxes [to pay the interest on the debt], to raise annually the largest possible sum of money [to fund the war †¦ The return of peace, indeed, seldom relieves them from the greater part of the taxes imposed during the war. These are mortgaged for the interest of the debt contracted in order to carry it on. † Smith then goes on to say that even if money was set aside from future revenues to pay for the debts of war, it seldom actually gets used to pay down the debt. Politicians are inclined to spend the money on some other scheme that will win the favor of their constituents. Hence, interest payments rise and war debts continue to grow larger, well beyond the end of the war. Impact– United States James Madison, in a speech given in Congress on 2 February 1791, cited The Wealth of Nations in opposing a national bank: â€Å"The principal disadvantages consisted in, 1st. banishing the precious metals, by substituting another medium to perform their office: This effect was inevitable. It was admitted by the most enlightened patrons of banks, particularly by Smith on the Wealth of Nations†. Thomas Jefferson, writing to John Novell on 14 June 1807, claimed that on â€Å"the subjects of money commerce, Smith’s Wealth of Nations is the best book to be read, unless Say’s Political Economy can be had, which treats the same subject on the same principles, but in a shorter compass more lucid manner†. Two views of the â€Å"Wealth of Nations† The â€Å"Wealth of Nations† is therefore inhomogeneous and consists of the earlier elements of an individualistic strain in the tradition of Aristotle, Puffendorf and Hutcheson, Smith’s teacher, – elements compatible with a neoclassical theory – and the classical theory Smith learned in France. Smith’s classical message is what he states at the very beginning: the two ways to create the â€Å"Wealth of Nations†. First, make productive labour even more productive by enhancing markets to deepen the division of labour (moving the neoclassical production curve to the right); and second, use more labour productively instead of unproductively, i. e. produce more goods and services that are inputs to the next economic reproduction circle, as opposed to goods used up in final consumption. In the words of Adam Smith: â€Å"The annual labour of every nation is the fund which originally supplies it with all the necessaries and conveniences of life which it annually consumes †¦ This produce †¦ bears a greater or smaller proportion to the number of those who are to consume it †¦ But this proportion must in every nation be regulated by two different circumstances; First, by the skill, dexterity, and judgment with which its labour is generally applied; and, Secondly, by the proportion between the numbers of those who are employed in useful labour, and that of those who are not so employed. How to cite The Wealth of Nations, Papers

Ideas and themes in an inspector call Essay Example For Students

Ideas and themes in an inspector call Essay An Inspector Calls is a play that centers on morals, political views and highlighting to a 1946 audience how things have changed dramatically since 1912. Priestley uses the play to communicate his socialist views this is done is many ways throughout the play and the main way he does this is though his characters.  But before the characters even do something the set tells the audience a lot about the characters that are about to speak. A large dining- Room, elegantly decorated expressing the fact that the family dining there is of an upper-middle-class status. The period furnishing Identifies to the audience that the play is set in 1912, a year where the unsinkable Titanic sank on its maiden voyage and a great war would be waged two years later. Then after that the Russian revolution and the great depression which has a great impact on the capitalist nations of the world. Once the play has started certain things are thrown forward about Mr Birling and Sheila, Mr. Birling talks far more than the other characters in the first section of Act One often clearing his throat to stop people cutting-in this would show the audience how he feels he has vast knowledge to share with his family. He is highly money orientated as he talks about a business deal with Geralds Father more than the fact his daughter is to get married my duty to keep labour costs down so he does not really care for the lower classes even though he was once in their position. His speech shows that he has climbed the social ladder to get to where he is now and his wife is from a family of higher status, so maybe his marriage was not wholly about love but maybe for the higher social standing for Mr. Burling and the money for Sybil. Also J. B. Priestley uses Mr. Birling to allow the audience the power of hindsight as he leads them along the chain of his predictions that are wrong the audience knows this and are seen as humorous sometimes youll hear some people say wars inevitable. And to that I say fiddlesticks! The Germans dont want war. Here the audience knows he is wrong as two years later the First World War began. Birling also gives the two young men a long speech about how it is every man for himself, and that Bernard Shaw and H. G. Wells are old cranks to think that we should all care for other people who arent family as if were all mixed up together like bees in a hive community and all that nonsense. With this Priestley has used Birling as a prime example of capitalist values of the time, by this I mean that he expresses the fact everyman for himself is the way to go. This use of dramatic irony and very capitalist speeches makes sure the audiences opinion of Birling is certain before the inspector arrives. Sheila acts very different to her father in the first act she says very little and what she does say is very childish mommy this means the audiences first impression of will be that she is a spoilt little girls who has been sheltered from the outside world. Also she seems to be quite cheeky and her and Eric seem to try and test what they can get away with in front of their parents your squiffy and dont be such an ass, Eric I think this would also cause the audience to think the children are spoilt. .u1922c0239a4f8c3c5fd0184235119d25 , .u1922c0239a4f8c3c5fd0184235119d25 .postImageUrl , .u1922c0239a4f8c3c5fd0184235119d25 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1922c0239a4f8c3c5fd0184235119d25 , .u1922c0239a4f8c3c5fd0184235119d25:hover , .u1922c0239a4f8c3c5fd0184235119d25:visited , .u1922c0239a4f8c3c5fd0184235119d25:active { border:0!important; } .u1922c0239a4f8c3c5fd0184235119d25 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1922c0239a4f8c3c5fd0184235119d25 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1922c0239a4f8c3c5fd0184235119d25:active , .u1922c0239a4f8c3c5fd0184235119d25:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1922c0239a4f8c3c5fd0184235119d25 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1922c0239a4f8c3c5fd0184235119d25 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1922c0239a4f8c3c5fd0184235119d25 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1922c0239a4f8c3c5fd0184235119d25 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1922c0239a4f8c3c5fd0184235119d25:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1922c0239a4f8c3c5fd0184235119d25 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1922c0239a4f8c3c5fd0184235119d25 .u1922c0239a4f8c3c5fd0184235119d25-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1922c0239a4f8c3c5fd0184235119d25:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Social Class An Inspector Calls EssaySheila like the rest of the family does not listen with great attention to Mr. Birlings speeches Im sorry daddy. Actually I was listening. I think an actress acting Sheila would have to act in a very childish and excited way with her maybe fidgeting. Then half way through the first act Sheila and Mrs. Birling leave the room to go drink Coffee elsewhere this shows that even in 1912 women were not involved in business and were told what to do. The first impressions of Sheila to the audience are also very important as it makes sure the audience notice her so later in the play they will see how she changes. Half way through one of Birlings speeches the doorbell rings and the inspector arrives. The Inspector is a man of firmness. Though of medium height the dialogue describes him of having a certain massiveness about him, and he addresses each character with a firm stare. Throughout the play he remains calm, firm and solid. The inspector is the socialist representative in the play and therefore there is a lot of friction between him and Mr. Birling who of course represents capitalism. Throughout the whole of the Inspectors questioning to all the characters Birlings stage directions often read furious, moves impatiently, cutting in and angry. These all give pointers to the actor and then to the audience that Birling does not like his authority being challenged and particularly when he public image is at stack, he seems to get more angry when his children are being questioned than when he was maybe because he thinks his children are more likely to him damage. During his confrontation with the Inspector Birling tries to intimidate him by threatening him I ought to warn you he is an old friend of me(Birling is talking about the Chief constable) this really shows how nervous Birling becomes about how his chance of a Knighthood could be in trouble. A good example of how Birling really dislikes the inspector coming to his house and becoming the highest authority figure is I consider this un-called for and officious An actor playing Birling when talking to the Inspector would have to use body language to show Birlings dislike for the Inspector and also to show how Birling is nervous. Also blocking would have to b taken in consideration, as I dont think Birling would be sitting down during this he would more likely be pacing around the room trying to make himself look more important than he really is. Sheilas reaction to the inspectors questioning is very different as when she first is reminded of what she did to Eva Smith and what has become of her she runs from the room very unset as the stage directions say, a little cry, gives a half-sniffled sod, and then runs out. But once she returns she takes a much different approach and seems alot more calm and more grown up as she no longer uses childish language such as mommy but calls Mrs. Birling mother now. This change in Sheila can also be seen in the stage directions as in the first act they mostly read excited and gaily but in act two read bitterly and passionately. She works out that there is no point trying to keep thins from the inspector you mustnt try to build up a kind of wallif you the Inspector will just break it down. This is the part of the play when Sheila starts to break away from the older generation and works towards a more socialist person. Also in this part of the play Sheilas attitude to Gerald changes as she finds out the truth about the previous summer. An actress playing Sheila in this act would I think have to really try and show that Sheila has grown up very quickly and also the blocking would be different between Gerald and Sheila they would no long sit close together but maybe have their chairs slightly turned away from each other. .u6fc41495de0d0d6c060a732b86112204 , .u6fc41495de0d0d6c060a732b86112204 .postImageUrl , .u6fc41495de0d0d6c060a732b86112204 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6fc41495de0d0d6c060a732b86112204 , .u6fc41495de0d0d6c060a732b86112204:hover , .u6fc41495de0d0d6c060a732b86112204:visited , .u6fc41495de0d0d6c060a732b86112204:active { border:0!important; } .u6fc41495de0d0d6c060a732b86112204 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6fc41495de0d0d6c060a732b86112204 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6fc41495de0d0d6c060a732b86112204:active , .u6fc41495de0d0d6c060a732b86112204:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6fc41495de0d0d6c060a732b86112204 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6fc41495de0d0d6c060a732b86112204 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6fc41495de0d0d6c060a732b86112204 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6fc41495de0d0d6c060a732b86112204 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6fc41495de0d0d6c060a732b86112204:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6fc41495de0d0d6c060a732b86112204 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6fc41495de0d0d6c060a732b86112204 .u6fc41495de0d0d6c060a732b86112204-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6fc41495de0d0d6c060a732b86112204:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Anne Bradstreet's "The Author to Her Book" EssayAs the Inspectors enquiry comes to an end Birling resorts to desperate measures to protect his life look, inspector-Id give thousands-yes thousands- but of course this is to late but it shows how even though he has just found out not only has Eva Smith has died but also a member of his own family, he feels the answer is money. So really Birlings speech about family values at the start of the play was not true, Birling does not put his family first in hard times this is also said by Eric youre not the kind of father a chap can go to when in trouble Once the inspector has left his message doesnt seem to have had an effect on Birling for a while and he seems worried but that soon changes once Gerald enters and reveals that Inspector Goole was not a police officer. Birling suddenly jumps into action and talks of how it was a hoax By Jingo! A Fake! While Birling is thinking about what to do next he does not realize that he has lost both of his children. Sheila at this point brakes away from what has been expected of her and begins to tell her parents how there reactions are wrong she now becomes the representative of socialism since the inspector has left youre just beginning to pretend all over again. This is one of the major messages of the play, that the younger generation learn from the events and change for the better by this happening priestly shows that his 1946 audience that they should not cling to the past but also change and try and lead a more socialist life. He has taught the audience that responsibility for ones actions is a key role in life, for though not one person is solely to blame for Evas death theyre still involved in her drastic actions to take her own life. His meaning: just because you are not all together to blame doesnt mean you are not to be blamed at all. And so Priestley has successfully conveyed his personal opinions of socialism and capitalism. By reading and watching the play An Inspector Calls we are able to understand the differences between denial and morals, those of which Priestley believed in.

Two versions of the movie Romeo and Juliet Essay Example

Two versions of the movie Romeo and Juliet Paper In class, we watched two versions of the movie Romeo and Juliet, which was adapted from William Shakespeares play. We watched a version directed by Franco Zeffirelli (1968) and another by modern director Baz Luhrmann (1996). In addition, we read extracts from the Romeo and Juliet script we received. Our task was to compare and contrast the prologue and opening scenes of the two movies, and give our views. The prologue of Franco Zeffirellis version opens with a sweeping shot of the rolling hills of Verona. Gentle, soothing music is playing that fits in with the idyllic and peaceful scenery. The voiceover begins with a sombre, almost sympathetic tone of voice that fits in well with the music that plays in the background. It is easy to tell from the outset that Zeffirelli was aiming for authenticity, even going as far as to film the scenes in Verona. Timing was important in Zeffirellis version and the line two star-crossed lovers take their lives is said at the same time the title of the film, Romeo and Juliet, appears. This identifies the two star-crossed lovers as Romeo and Juliet, and in a way tells you the outcome of the story before it has even started. An important point to note is that the whole prologue is read, as this is not the case with other versions. The opening scene is set in a market town on a busy trading day. Sampson and Gregory, two servants of the Capulet house, are in the town when they clash with Abraham and another man, of the house of Montague. Both sets of men are dressed in the liveries of their respective houses, the Capulets in striking red and yellow and the Montagues in darker attire. We will write a custom essay sample on Two versions of the movie Romeo and Juliet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Two versions of the movie Romeo and Juliet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Two versions of the movie Romeo and Juliet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This makes them stand out from the crowd and instantly recognisable in the chaos that follows, and also ties in with the line Two households both alike in dignity which is read in the prologue, as they are both dressed in elegant, rich looking clothes. Gregory and Sampson plan to insult the Montague men. Gregory I will frown, as I pass by, and let them take it as they list. Sampson Nay, as they dare, I will bite my thumb at them, which is a disgrace to them, if they bear it. Line 33-36. In the day of Shakespeare, biting your thumb at someone was considered highly insulting, possibly one of the worst insults you could use on a person. This was likely to infuriate Abraham and his friend. Abraham Do you bite your thumb at us, sir? Sampson I do bite my thumb, sir. Abraham Do you bite your thumb at us, sir? Sampson (aside to Gregory) Is the law of our side, if I say Ay? Gregory (aside to Sampson) No. Sampson I do not bite my thumb at you, sir; but I bite my thumb, sir. Line 37-44 Abraham repeats the line Do you bite your thumb at us, sir? because Sampson has refused to answer him the first time. Sampson consults Gregory and, knowing that the law will not be on their side if he says yes, tells Abraham that he does not bite his thumb at him, but bites his thumb. As the swordfight between the two houses is about to start, Sampson says; Draw, draw if you be men! Sampson repeats the word draw twice to emphasise its importance, and tries to goad Abraham into drawing his sword for a battle. Abraham draws his sword, but Benvolio enters to try and restore some peace. Benvolio is trying his best to bring calm to the situation, but the entrance of Tybalt sparks things off again. Benvolio Part, fools! Put up your swords! You know not what you do. Tybalt What, are thou drawn among these heartless hinds? Turn thee, Benvolio, look upon thy death. Benvolio I do but keep the peace. Put up thy sword, Or manage it to part these men with me Tybalt What, drawn, and talk of peace? I hate the word, As I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee. Have at thee, coward! Line 56-65 He mocks Benvolio, who is trying to be civil towards Tybalt. What, drawn, and talk of peace? I hate the word, as I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee. This line underlines just how much hatred Tybalt has for Benvolio and his Montague family. Tybalt also says; Turn thee, Benvolio, look upon thy death. Tybalt is even threatening to kill Benvolio, just because he is a Montague and is trying to keep the peace. This scene says a lot for the two characters personalities, with Benvolio being polite, civil, and peaceful. Tybalt, however, is arrogant, aggressive and bitter. When Tybalt says What, drawn, and talk of peace? he almost finds it amusing, and laughs, mocking Benvolio. His mood changes however, and his tone becomes sinister when he says, I hate the word, as I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee. Suddenly, there is chaos and everyone is fighting, the screen is filled with people fighting but in the entire calamity, Tybalt and Benvolio still stand out in their house colours. Zeffirelli shows the scale of the conflict by using aerial and ground shots, plus hundreds of extras. The leaders of the households even get involved. Capulet What noise is this? Give me my long sword, ho! Lady Capulet A crutch, a crutch! Why call you for a sword? Capulet My sword, I say! Old Montague is come, And flourishes his blade in spite of me Line 67-71 Capulet calls for his sword, but Lady Capulet cannot understand why. She tries to restrain him but is unsuccessful. Capulet is furious that Montague could be winning the battle. Montague Thou villain Capulet. Hold me not, let me go. Lady Montague Thou shalt not stir one foot to seek a foe. Line 72-73 Montague spots Capulet fighting, and goes to battle him. His wife, Lady Capulet, tries to hold him back and says;Thou shalt not stir one foot to seek a foe. which means that he will not go out looking for his enemies. It is then that Prince Escalus, followed by his cortege, enters to a flurry of trumpets sounding. Everyone immediately stops, and pays attention to the Prince. He delivers his speech to the two households, finishing with the lines; If you ever disturb our streets again, Your lives shall pay the forfeit of peace. He warns the two leaders of the households that if there is any more trouble from them, they shall be killed. During his speech, he is atop a horse, which shows his authority over the civilians. He reads his speech in a commanding, aggressive voice, as if he truly means what he is saying. Those who were fighting pay attention to his every word, and the scene is silent apart from his voice and the sound of his horses hooves on the dirt. This shows that people respect him and are interested to hear what he is saying. At the end of his speech, Prince Escalus orders Capulet to come with him for talks to put an end to this civil war, and orders Montague to report to him later. As soon as the Princes speech is finished, everyone but Montague, Lady Montague and Benvolio leave. Baz Luhrmann, is his version of the play, presents the first prologue as a news bulletin. Presenting it as a news bulletin underlines its importance, and makes people sit up and take notice of an important part of the play. With the bulletin being on television, this sets up the play to be a more modern version, much apart from Franco Zeffirellis version, which is set in the day of Shakespeare. The television is in a darkened room, with no other objects and nothing else at all to distract you from the prologue. Toward the end of the prologue, the camera zooms in toward to television, and drags the viewer into the play. Another thing to point out is the caption above the newsreaders left shoulder. It is a picture of a broken ring, with the words star-crossed lovers underneath. The ring is a pictorial representation of the line death-marked love, whilst the words underneath are probably the most important of the prologue, and are emphasised in both prologues of Baz Luhrmanns version The second version of the prologue in this film is not read in whole. Instead, only the first six lines are read, as these are the most important of the prologue and tell you the plot and outcome of the play. They are emphasised in many different ways. The phrases ancient grudge and new mutiny are shown as newspaper headlines, to make them seem important. Although one line in the prologue, the line star-crossed lovers take their life is split into two parts in the second prologue. First, we see the phrase star-crossed lovers on screen. It is in bold, block capitals, white writing and set against a black background, which is very striking and stands out. Straight after, the phrase Take their life flashes on screen, in the same effect, white writing against a black background. The writing, however, is bigger, and the letter T is shown as a cross (i ). This symbolizes Christ, who sacrificed himself for our sins, and ties in with the belief that Romeo and Juliet sacrificed themselves. Symbols of Christ appear many times during the prologue and opening scene. We learn that the play is set in a fictional area called Verona Beach. This updates the setting to make it sound more modern and cool, while still keeping with the setting of the play, Verona. We see a board welcoming people to Verona Beach just after the words In fair Verona, where we lay our scene are on screen. As the camera pans around the city, we see two skyscrapers, each with the names Montague and Capulet on top of them. This shows the social status and influence of the two warring families, and fits in with the line Two households, both alike in dignity, as both skyscrapers are identical and would not be able to be told apart but for the family names on top of them. In between the two skyscrapers is a statue of Christ, which again symbolizes the sacrifice he made. The first scene starts with the Montague boys speeding down a highway in their car. In the car are Benvolio, Sampson and Gregory. On the back of Gregorys head is a tattoo with the word Montague and three interlocking circles above it, which is a symbol that is also seen on the top of the Montague skyscraper. The shot is frozen, and the words The Montague Boys appear, and if it had not already been established that it was them, this confirms it. They are dressed in colourful tropical-style shirts, and this makes them easily identifiable. The car pulls into a service station, and the camera focuses on the license plate of the car. It reads MON 005. As Benvolio steps out of the car to go to the toilet, he warns his passengers; The quarrel is between our masters, and one replies and us their men. This shows that they are prepared to battle for their master, and are not scared of the Capulets. As the two Montague Boys are waiting for Benvolio, the Capulet car pulls into the garage. The license plate of it reads CAP 005. The license plates of the cars make them easy to identify. Tybalt steps out of the car, and stubs his cigar out on the ground. Just then, a group of nuns emerges from the shop, and the Montague boys begin to mock them and also their strict Catholic ways. When their mini-bus drives away, Abra, of the house of Capulet, is seen. He is angry, because the Montague boys have made fun of his Catholic religion. We learn that the Capulets are Catholic by the many times that symbols of Jesus appear on their clothing and guns. The Montague boys think that there is going to be trouble, and pull back their shirts to reveal their guns to Abra, who does the same. On the butt of the guns are the crests of the respective houses. Abra smiles to reveal a silver mouthpiece with the word SIN emblazoned across it. This scares the Montague boys and they fall back in shock. The Capulets burst out laughing, and begin to taunt and mock them, before getting back into their car. Sampson is clearly humiliated, and says; I will bite my thumb at them, which is a disgrace to them, if they bear it. He bites his thumb at them, and Abra sees Sampson mock him in the mirror. He steps out of the car. Abra Do you bite your thumb at us, sir? Sampson I do bite my thumb, sir. Abra Do you bite your thumb at us, sir? Sampson Is the law of our side, if I say yes? Gregory No. Sampson I do not bite my thumb at you, sir; but I bite my thumb, sir. Gregory Do you quarrel, sir? Abra Quarrel, sir? No, sir. Sampson But if you do sir, I am for you. I serve as good a man as you Abra No better? Sampson Well sir. Gregory Say better, here comes our Masters kinsman Sampson Yes, better, sir. Abra You lie. Sampson Draw, if you be men! Their guns come out, and it is at this moment that Benvolio comes from the toilet. He sees that there is going to be trouble, and brandishes his gun. The camera zooms in on his gun, and it reveals the words Sword 9mm etched on the barrel of the gun. Put up your swords! he says. The camera focuses on a sign saying Add more fuel to your fire as if to say that by telling them to put up their guns, he is making the situation worse. Tybalt steps from the car, and says; What, are thou drawn among these heartless hinds? Turn thee, Benvolio, look upon thy death. Benvolio replies; I do but keep the peace. Put up thy sword, Or manage it to part these men with me. Tybalt is infuriated by what Benvolio has just asked him to do. He lights a cigar, and says; Peace? Peace? I hate the word, as I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee. Between saying all Montagues and and thee Tybalt drops the match with which he lit his cigar, and grinds it into the ground, as if showing Benvolio what he plans to do to him. Tybalt then reaches into his jacket, and pulls out his gun. On the handle of his gun we see a picture of Jesus, and also one on his jacket. He fires a shot at Benvolio, who falls to the ground clutching his chest, and his gun drops to the ground. During the gun battle that follows, we see that one of the Capulet Boys has a cross shaven into the back of his head, which is another representation of Jesus. Sampson and Gregory flee to the car, and begin to speed away. As they are doing so, Tybalt aims his gun toward Gregory and shoots him in the chest. Tybalt then drops his cigar to the ground, which ignites that spilling fuel. He is surprised to see Benvolio pick himself up from the ground, grab his gun and run off into the traffic firing shots back at Tybalt. As Tybalt chases after Benvolio, we are left to look at the crumbling service station, and the camera centres on a newspaper headline, which reads RIOT AND DISHONOUR. This is most likely reporting on one of the previous skirmishes between the two households. There is also a burning flyer, which says; Montague vs. Capulet 2nd Brawl This tells us that there have already been two brawls between the two households. The next scene gives us a panning shot of the two skyscrapers, with helicopters whirring around them and the city in total chaos. We see Captain Princes helicopter with both his name and the number 0001 on the side. This gives the impression that he holds the most important job in the Verona Beach Police Department. Montague is sitting in his office, when he turns round and sees the news bulletin reporting a 3rd Civil Brawl. Above the caption, there is a picture of Benvolio wielding his gun, as if to make it seem he is the aggressor when really he was the peacemaker. Montague is furious, and says to his wife; Give me my long sword, ho! His long sword is a bigger version of the pistol used in the gunfight at the service station. Lady Montague replies; Thou shalt not stir one foot to seek a foe, and pulls his hand away from the weapon. Luhrmann has given Lady Montague more influence over her husband, which is more suited to a modern version. After this, the next thing we see is Tybalt and Benvolio, guns drawn, aimed at each other and screaming at each other. Captain Prince is shouting orders at them from his helicopter in an aggressive and command tone of voice. The fact that he is in a higher position than them gives him a sense of power and influence. Rebellious subjects, enemies to peace, Throw your mistempered weapons to the ground. On pain of torture, from those bloody hands, Throw your mistempered weapons to the ground. Obeying his orders, Benvolio and Tybalt drop their weapons to the ground. The action switches from the chaotic streets to Captain Princes office. This makes things seem more formal. In the room are Capulet, Montague, Tybalt and Benvolio. Tybalt is standing behind Capulet, and Benvolio standing behind Montague. They are like silent supporters. During Princes speech, the only sound that can be heard is his voice. This shows that he has their respect. He says; Three civil brawls, bred of an airy word, By thee, old Capulet, and Montague, Have thrice disturbed the quiet of our streets. If ever you disturb our streets again, Your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace. He warns the two leaders of the households that if there is any more trouble and either is to blame, they will be killed. When he says Three civil brawls the camera moves from Montague, to Capulet and then back to Prince. In all this time, he is the only one speaking. This gives an impression of his influence over Montague and Capulet and their silence shows how much they respect him. He ends on the words If ever you disturb our streets again, Your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace. This makes him seem more serious and threatening and underlines the power and authority he holds over the two leaders of the households. This is probably his most important line of his speech. Both versions, although set in completely different time periods, bear some resemblance. Luhrmann manages to use almost exactly the same language as Franco Zeffirelli does, without making it seem outdated, or making it difficult to understand. The prologues of each are certainly the most different. It is easy to tell that Zeffirelli and Luhrmann were aiming for completely different audiences when filming their movies. Zeffirelli aimed for authenticity, right down to filming the scenes in Verona, while Luhrmann wanted to modernise the script and update the setting. Zeffirelli was most likely aiming for a theatre-going audience who would be interested to see how the play would be adapted for the big screen, and he did not disappoint. He provides a realistic, authentic version of the play that would be fit for theatre. The script is accurate and the battle scenes draw you in give you a fantastic impression of the scale of the battle, at some points it seems as if everyone on the screen is fighting. Zeffirelli does this with aerial and ground shots that make it seem as if there are more people than there really are. Luhrmann, however, aimed for a much younger audience. He set of the film in Verona Beach, and many of the scenes were filmed in Venice Beach in California. Most of the main actors and actress were, at the time, young up-and-coming actors who many youngsters then will have heard of. They wore casual clothes, had spiked hair and many of these seemingly unimportant things would appeal to a young audience as they feel they would be able to relate to them. While the story may seem soppy to men, they would be drawn in by the gunfights and conflict between the two families. Luhrmann most likely aimed for a teenage audience, of both genders, while Zeffirelli was probably looking for an older, mature audience when he set out to make his. Of the two versions, I much preferred Baz Luhrmanns. Right from the start, I was interested. There was far most action, the pace was more frantic and I felt more at home watching a film based in the modern day rather than one based in Shakespearean times. I thought that Franco Zeffirelli stuck to the script too much and very little of his own work went into the movie, but rather he was realising Shakespeares text in a very unoriginal way. Baz Luhrmanns team obviously thought long and hard as to how they would present the movie, and I think they did a very good job with it. It is an original idea and works well. There was not one moment in Franco Zeffirellis version that was better than the same part in Luhrmanns version. My favourite part of both movies was the fighting scenes. Of the two, Baz Luhrmanns was far superior and well thought-out, and the timing was very good with the camera focusing on the faces of the Montagues and Capulets at critical times. The Princes entrance in Zeffirellis version was rather disappointing as, although he had their respect and they listened attentively to him, I never fully got the impression that he had a lot of power over them. I thought that Captain Princes entrance in Luhrmanns version was much better as we all recognise police officers as authoritative figures. Overall, I thought Baz Luhrmanns version was much better than Franco Zeffirellis and, if the opening scene is anything to go by, I would definitely consider watching the film in its entirety.